Saturday, January 19, 2019

Netiquette IQ Blog For 1/219/2019 - Past Participles Do you Know What They Are?



Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.
Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.

-MLK





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 www.amazon.com/author/paulbabicki
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Richard Nordquist is a freelance writer and former professor of English and Rhetoric who wrote college-level Grammar and Composition textbooks.
Updated July 22, 2018 

In English grammar, the past participle refers to an action that was started and completed entirely in the past. It is the third principal part of a verb, created by adding -ed, -d, or -t to the base form of a regular verb. The past participle is generally used with an auxiliary (or helping) verb—has, have, or had—to express the perfect aspect, a verb construction that describes events occurring in the past that are linked to a later time, usually the present.
In addition to the perfect aspect (or perfect tense), the past participle can be used in a passive voice or as an adjective.

Past Participles of Regular Verbs
To understand past participles, you first need to know how to make a verb past tense, says Study.com. To do so, simply add ed, d, or t, as in these examples that show the verb on the left and the simple past tense on the right:
  • Help > helped
  • Weep > wept
  • Work > worked
Turning these verbs into past participles is also simple: Make the verb past tense and precede it with an auxiliary verb, as in these examples that list the simple past on the left and the past participle on the right:
  • Helped > have helped
  • Visited > have visited
  • Worked > have worked
Though they may seem similar, there is a difference between regular past tense and past participle. The regular past has only one part while the past participle always has two or more parts, and as noted, generally requires an auxiliary verb, says Write.com.

An example of a sentence with a regular verb (using one of the above sentences) would be: "I helped my friend." You simply helped your friend at some time in the past, but you might continue to help her at some point in the future.

The same sentence with a past participle verb would be: "I have helped my friend." You began helping your friend in the past and completed the action of helping her in the past.
Past Participle of Irregular Verbs
The past participle forms of irregular verbs have various endings, including -d (said), -t (slept), and -n (broken). Irregular verbs are trickier to form in the simple past than regular verbs, says Study.com, which gives these examples:
  • Run > ran
  • Sing > sang
  • Go > went
To form the past participle of these irregular verbs, again precede them with an auxiliary verb:
  • Ran > has run, have run
  • Sing > has sung, have sung
  • Went > has gone, have gone
Common Irregular Past Participles
Viewing some of the most common irregular verbs, together with the simple past as well as their past participle forms, can be helpful in understanding how they are formed.
Verb
Simple Past
Past Participle
fly
flew
have flown
rise
rose
had risen
shrink
shrank
had shrunk
feel
felt
had felt
bite
bit
has bitten
catch
caught
have caught
draw
drew
have drawn
drive
drove
have driven
eat
ate
have eaten
fall
fell
have fallen
Additionally, the verb wear is a classic example of an irregular verb that can be complicated to use as a past participle. You might wear underwear today if you are expressing action in the present. You wore underwear yesterday if you are expressing the simple past. To use the same irregular verb as a past participle, however, you might say, "I have worn my Superman underwear." This implies that you donned your Superman 
underwear in the past but you are no longer doing so.

Meanings and Forms of Past Participles

The past participle can indicate past, present, and future meanings, according to "Essentials of English: A Practical Handbook Covering All the Rules of English Grammar and Writing Style," which notes that the past participle has both perfect and progressive forms, as in:
  1. Thus deceived, he will be outraged. [Both actions are in the future.]
  2. Baffled by your attitude, I cannot help you. [Both actions are in the present.]
  3. Baffled by your attitude, I could not help you. [Both actions in the past.]
In the first sentence above, the participle acts like an appositive adjective, renaming the subject thief. The two actions occur completely in the future: The thief will be outraged and he (will be) deceived. Note how the past participle includes an implied form of a "to be" verb: will be.

In the second sentence, baffled is still a past participle but the action will have been started and completed entirely in the present. The past participle includes an implied auxiliary verb—having been—so the full sentence would read: "Having been baffled by your attitude, I cannot help you." The action of being baffled starts and is completed entirely in the present, as is the (non)action of not helping. 

In the same way, the third sentence starts with a past participle describing an action that started and was completed entirely in the past. The past participle also serves as an appositive adjective, describing the pronoun (and subject of the sentence). The full sentence would read: "Having been baffled by your attitude, I could not help you." The subjunctive mood in the second half of the sentence describes an action—could not help—that happened (or in this case did not happen) entirely in the past.
We can be contacted at:
sales@tabularosa.net  or 609 818 1802.
 ===============================================================
In addition to this blog, Netiquette IQ has a website with great assets which are being added to on a regular basis. I have authored the premiere book on Netiquette, “Netiquette IQ - A Comprehensive Guide to Improve, Enhance and Add Power to Your Email". My new book, “You’re Hired! Super Charge Your Email Skills in 60 Minutes. . . And Get That Job!” has just been published and will be followed by a trilogy of books on Netiquette for young people. You can view my profile, reviews of the book and content excerpts at:

 www.amazon.com/author/paulbabicki

Anyone who would like to review the book and have it posted on my blog or website, please contact me paul@netiquetteiq.com.

In addition to this blog, I maintain a radio show on BlogtalkRadio  and an online newsletter via paper.li.I have established Netiquette discussion groups with Linkedin and  Yahoo I am also a member of the International Business Etiquette and Protocol Group and Minding Manners among others. I regularly consult for the Gerson Lehrman Group, a worldwide network of subject matter experts and I have been contributing to the blogs Everything Email and emailmonday . My work has appeared in numerous publications and I have presented to groups such as The Breakfast Club of NJ and  PSG of Mercer County, NJ.


Additionally, I am the president of Tabula Rosa Systems, a “best of breed” reseller of products for communications, email, network management software, security products and professional services.  Also, I am the president of Netiquette IQ. We are currently developing an email IQ rating system, Netiquette IQ, which promotes the fundamentals outlined in my book.

Thursday, January 17, 2019

Amazon Aurora - Do You Know What it is? Via Netiquette IQ









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 www.amazon.com/author/paulbabicki
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from whatis.com

Amazon Aurora
Amazon Aurora is a relational database engine from Amazon Web Services. The engine is compatible with MySQL, which means code, applications and drivers used in databases relying on MySQL can be used in Aurora with minimal or no changes. MySQL is an open source database management system based on Structured Query Language (SQL).
Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS) manages Aurora databases by handling provisioning, patching, backup, recovery and other tasks. A developer can migrate to and from MySQL databases by using the mysqldump (export) and mysqlimport (import) utilities or by using RDS' DB Snapshot migration feature. Data migration typically takes one hour.
Aurora stores a minimum of 10 GB and scales automatically to a maximum of 64 TB. The service divides the volume of a database into 10 GB chunks, which are spread across different disks. Each chunk is replicated six ways across three AWS Availability Zones (AZs). If data in one AZ fails, Aurora attempts to recover data from another AZ. Aurora is also self-healing, meaning it performs automatic error scans of data blocks and disks.
A developers can scale up resources allocated to a database instance and improve availability through Amazon Aurora Replicas, which share the same storage as the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instance. An Amazon Aurora Replica can be promoted to a primary instance without any data loss, which helps with fault tolerance if the primary instance fails. If a developer has made an Aurora Replica, the service automatically fails over within one minute; it takes about 15 minutes to fail over without a replica.
For security, Amazon Aurora encrypts data in transit through the AWS Key Management Service. Automated backups, snapshots, data at rest in the underlying storage and Replicas within the same cluster are also encrypted. Additionally, Aurora database instances are created within an Amazon VPC, allowing users to isolate a database within their network for more security.
Amazon is a pay-per-use service in which a user pays per instance; customers can opt for either On-Demand or Reserve pricing. AWS also bills customers for any storage Aurora uses in GB per month increments and according to I/O rate (per million requests).
We can be contacted at:
sales@tabularosa.net  or 609 818 1802.
 ===============================================================
In addition to this blog, Netiquette IQ has a website with great assets which are being added to on a regular basis. I have authored the premiere book on Netiquette, “Netiquette IQ - A Comprehensive Guide to Improve, Enhance and Add Power to Your Email". My new book, “You’re Hired! Super Charge Your Email Skills in 60 Minutes. . . And Get That Job!” has just been published and will be followed by a trilogy of books on Netiquette for young people. You can view my profile, reviews of the book and content excerpts at:

 www.amazon.com/author/paulbabicki

Anyone who would like to review the book and have it posted on my blog or website, please contact me paul@netiquetteiq.com.

In addition to this blog, I maintain a radio show on BlogtalkRadio  and an online newsletter via paper.li.I have established Netiquette discussion groups with Linkedin and  Yahoo I am also a member of the International Business Etiquette and Protocol Group and Minding Manners among others. I regularly consult for the Gerson Lehrman Group, a worldwide network of subject matter experts and I have been contributing to the blogs Everything Email and emailmonday . My work has appeared in numerous publications and I have presented to groups such as The Breakfast Club of NJ and  PSG of Mercer County, NJ.


Additionally, I am the president of Tabula Rosa Systems, a “best of breed” reseller of products for communications, email, network management software, security products and professional services.  Also, I am the president of Netiquette IQ. We are currently developing an email IQ rating system, Netiquette IQ, which promotes the fundamentals outlined in my book.

Wednesday, January 16, 2019

Netiquette IQ Blog Of 1/16/2019Definitions Of English Grammar








Buy the books at

 www.amazon.com/author/paulbabicki
====================================================
















English Grammar 

Richard Nordquist is a freelance writer and former professor of English and Rhetoric who wrote college-level Grammar and Composition textbooks.
Updated November 11, 2018
The word grammar comes from Greek, meaning "craft of letters," which is an apt description. In any language, grammar is:
  1. the systematic study and description of a language. (Compare with usage.)
  2. a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures (morphology) of a language. 
Without grammar, a language wouldn't work, because people couldn't communicate effectively. The speakers and the listeners of any exchange need to both function in the same system in order to understand each other. The grammar of a language includes basic axioms such as the existence of tenses of verbs, articles and adjectives and their proper order, how questions are phrased, and more.
We Learn Grammar From Birth
Author David Crystal tells us in "The Fight for English" that "grammar is the study of all the contrasts of meaning that it is possible to make within sentences. The 'rules' of grammar tell us how. By one count, there are some 3,500 such rules in English" (Oxford University Press, 2006).
Intimidating, to be sure, but native speakers don't have to worry about studying them all. Grammar, in fact, it's actually something that's begun being learned by every person in their first days and weeks of life, through interaction with others. All native speakers when they're born and start learning it as they hear it spoken around them, such as how sentences are put together (syntax), and the pieces that make them up (morphology).
"A preschooler's tacit knowledge of grammar is more sophisticated than the thickest style manual," writes Steven Pinker in "Words and Rules." "[Grammar should not] be confused with the guidelines for how one 'ought' to speak" (Harper, 1999).
Uses of Grammar
Understanding the basics of grammar is needed to make us proficient speakers and writers, of course.
As Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson write in "An Introduction to English Grammar":
"There are several applications of grammatical study: (1) A recognition of grammatical structures is often essential for punctuation; (2) A study of one's native grammar is helpful when one studies the grammar of a foreign language; (3) A knowledge of grammar is a help in the interpretation of literary as well as nonliterary texts, since the interpretation of a passage sometimes depends crucially on grammatical analysis; (4) A study of the grammatical resources of English is useful in composition: in particular, it can help you to evaluate the choices available to you when you come to revise an earlier written draft." (2nd ed. Pearson, 2002)
Study beyond the basics increases our skills, and the ability to communicate clearly and effectively is necessary in any profession where there's interaction with other human beings, whether you're giving or receiving directions with other employees, discussing goals of your company on a particular project, or creating marketing materials for a nonprofit—the ability to properly communicate matters. Even if you don't know all the lexicographical terms and pedantic nit-picks involved in the study of grammar, take it from Joan Didion: "What I know about grammar is its infinite power. To shift the structure of a sentence alters the meaning of that sentence."
Types of Grammar
Whereas students of English mainly have to deal with just the nuts-and-bolts prescriptivetraditional type of grammar, such as making sure verbs and subjects agree and where to put commas, linguists have many more types to examine different aspects of the language, from how different languages compare to each other (comparative grammar) or use grammatical parts (descriptive grammar) to how the words and their usage interact to create meaning (lexicogrammar). They study how people acquire language and debate whether every child is born with a concept of universal grammar. Teachers instructing English language learners follow a method of pedagogical grammar for their students.

We can be contacted at:
sales@tabularosa.net  or 609 818 1802.
 ===============================================================
In addition to this blog, Netiquette IQ has a website with great assets which are being added to on a regular basis. I have authored the premiere book on Netiquette, “Netiquette IQ - A Comprehensive Guide to Improve, Enhance and Add Power to Your Email". My new book, “You’re Hired! Super Charge Your Email Skills in 60 Minutes. . . And Get That Job!” has just been published and will be followed by a trilogy of books on Netiquette for young people. You can view my profile, reviews of the book and content excerpts at:

 www.amazon.com/author/paulbabicki

Anyone who would like to review the book and have it posted on my blog or website, please contact me paul@netiquetteiq.com.

In addition to this blog, I maintain a radio show on BlogtalkRadio  and an online newsletter via paper.li.I have established Netiquette discussion groups with Linkedin and  Yahoo I am also a member of the International Business Etiquette and Protocol Group and Minding Manners among others. I regularly consult for the Gerson Lehrman Group, a worldwide network of subject matter experts and I have been contributing to the blogs Everything Email and emailmonday . My work has appeared in numerous publications and I have presented to groups such as The Breakfast Club of NJ and  PSG of Mercer County, NJ.


Additionally, I am the president of Tabula Rosa Systems, a “best of breed” reseller of products for communications, email, network management software, security products and professional services.  Also, I am the president of Netiquette IQ. We are currently developing an email IQ rating system, Netiquette IQ, which promotes the fundamentals outlined in my book.