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A.M. stands for ante meridiem and is sometimes
abbreviated a.m. or am. A.M. means before noon and refers to morning. It starts
just after midnight.
P.M.
P.M. stands for post meridiem and is sometimes
abbreviated p.m. or pm. P.M. refers to afternoon and evening. P.M. starts just
after noon.
Etc.
The very familiar Latin abbreviation etc. stands for et
cetera 'and the rest' or 'and so forth'. In English, we use the word
etcetera or et cetera without necessarily being aware it is actually Latin.
If you want to say 'for example,' you would use 'e.g.' Here
is an example:
- Some
of the Julio-Claudian emperors, e.g., Caligula, were said to be
insane.
I.E.
If you want to say 'that is,' you would use 'i.e.' Here is
an example:
- The
last of the Julio-Claudians, i.e., Nero....
In Citations
Ibid
Ibid., from ibidem means 'the same' or 'in the same
place.' You would use ibid.
to refer to the same author and work (e.g., book, html page,
or journal article) as the one immediately preceding.
Op. Cit.
Op. cit. comes from the Latin opus citatum or opere
citato 'work cited.' Op. cit. is used when ibid. is inappropriate
because the immediately preceding work is not the same. You would only use op.
cit. if you have already cited the work in question.
Et Seq.
To refer to a certain page or passage and those that follow
it, you may find the abbreviation 'et seq.' This abbreviation ends in a
period.
Sc.
The abbreviation sc. or scil. means 'namely'. Wikipedia says
it is in the process of being replaced by i.e.
Latin Abbreviations of Comparison
q.v. and c.f.
You would use q.v. if you wanted to make reference to
something elsewhere in your paper; while
c.f. would be more appropriate for a comparison with an outside work.
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In addition to
this blog, Netiquette IQ has a
website with great assets which are being added to on a regular basis. I have
authored the premiere book on Netiquette, “Netiquette IQ - A Comprehensive
Guide to Improve, Enhance and Add Power to Your Email". My new book,
“You’re Hired! Super Charge Your Email Skills in 60 Minutes. . . And Get That
Job!” has just been published and will be followed by a trilogy of books on
Netiquette for young people. You can view my profile, reviews of the book and
content excerpts at:
Anyone who
would like to review the book and have it posted on my blog or website, please
contact me paul@netiquetteiq.com.
In
addition to this blog, I maintain a radio show on BlogtalkRadio and an online newsletter via paper.li.I have established
Netiquette discussion groups with Linkedin and Yahoo. I am also a member of the
International Business Etiquette and Protocol Group and Minding Manners among
others. I regularly consult for the Gerson Lehrman Group, a worldwide network
of subject matter experts and I have been contributing to the blogs Everything Email and emailmonday . My work has appeared in numerous
publications and I have presented to groups such as The Breakfast Club of
NJ
and PSG of Mercer County.
=====================
Good Netiquette
And A Green Internet To All! =====================================================================
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===============================================================
In addition to
this blog, Netiquette IQ has a
website with great assets which are being added to on a regular basis. I have
authored the premiere book on Netiquette, “Netiquette IQ - A Comprehensive
Guide to Improve, Enhance and Add Power to Your Email". My new book,
“You’re Hired! Super Charge Your Email Skills in 60 Minutes. . . And Get That
Job!” has just been published and will be followed by a trilogy of books on
Netiquette for young people. You can view my profile, reviews of the book and
content excerpts at:
Anyone who
would like to review the book and have it posted on my blog or website, please
contact me paul@netiquetteiq.com.
In
addition to this blog, I maintain a radio show on BlogtalkRadio and an online newsletter via paper.li.I have established
Netiquette discussion groups with Linkedin and Yahoo. I am also a member of the
International Business Etiquette and Protocol Group and Minding Manners among
others. I regularly consult for the Gerson Lehrman Group, a worldwide network
of subject matter experts and I have been contributing to the blogs Everything Email and emailmonday . My work has appeared in numerous
publications and I have presented to groups such as The Breakfast Club of
NJ
and PSG of Mercer County.