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Gravity Wave (or gravitational wave) from whatis.com
A gravity wave
(or gravitational wave) is a ripple in the curvature of the space-time continuum (the enmeshed
combination of our three perceived physical dimensions, plus time) created by
the movement of matter.
Long thought to
exist before they were detected, gravity waves were first hypothesized in
Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which predicted that
an accelerating mass would radiate gravitational waves as
it lost energy. For example, it would be expected
that two pulsars (celestial bodies that emit radiation in regular pulses) in orbit
around each other should emanate gravity waves as their orbits decay. In
accordance with the first law of thermodynamics, which states
that neither matter nor energy can be created or destroyed although either may
be transformed, the energy loss associated with the orbit's decay is radiated
as gravitational waves. According to theory, gravity waves propagate at
approximately the speed of light and pass through matter
unchanged, alternately stretching and shrinking distances on an infinitesimal
scale. Their strength decreases as a function of distance from their source.
The study of gravitational waves could yield an incredible amount of
information about the universe and lead to many practical applications. For
example, their ability to pass through matter unaltered could enable the
transmission of a signal over vast distances in space.
Around the
world, several countries have constructed gravity wave detectors,
highly sensitive instruments designed to detect gravity waves and identify
their sources. In the United States, the detector project is called LIGO (for
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). LIGO
researchers have been working to establish the existence of
gravitational waves and prove whether or not they actually propagate at the
speed of light and cause the displacement of matter that they pass through.
The LIGO system
consists of suspended weights with mirrored surfaces that can move freely
horizontally. If a gravitational wave passes through, the distance between the
weights (which is measured by a laser beam moving back and forth between
the mirrors and then recombined at a photodetector) is altered. The LIGO
project uses the resources of volunteered personal computers collaborating
through distributed computing. PC users can download the software from LIGO;
the project is called Einstein@home.
On February 11,
2016, David Reitze, executive director of LIGO reported that researchers
had detected gravitational waves. Reitze said the waves were created by the
merging of two black holes, one of which had the mass of
29 suns and the other 36.
Researchers
from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology (MIT) have developed a LIGO prototype sensitive enough to detect
a tiny movement (many times smaller than the diameter of a single hair) in a
test weight 40 meters away. Other gravitational wave detection projects include
a collaborative effort by France and Italy called VIRGO, another by
Germany and Great Britain called GEO 600, a project in Japan called TAMA
300, one in Australia called ACIGA, and NASA's LISA project.
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