Puerto Rico Needs Your Help! Here's How
United
for Puerto Rico (spearheaded by the First Lady of Puerto Rico)
Former
U.S. presidents have expanded their One America Appeal to include recovery
efforts in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands
Save the Children, which focuses
specifically on the needs of families and their children.
Global Giving has a $2 million goal for
victims of Hurricane Maria
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A List of 26
Common Suffixes in English
Expand Your Vocabulary by Studying
26 Common Suffixes
Updated March 15, 2017
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to
the end of a word to form a new word or to change the grammatical function (or part of speech) of the original word. For
example, the verb read is made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er.
Similarly, read is made into the adjective readable by adding the
suffix -able.
Understanding the meanings of the common suffixes can help
you figure out the meanings of new words you encounter.
But as you work on building your vocabulary, you should keep a few
points in mind:
- In
some cases, the spelling of a root or base word changes when a suffix
is added. For example, in words ending in y preceded by a consonant (such as the noun beauty
and the adjective ugly), the y may change to an i
when a suffix is added (as in the adjective beautiful and the noun ugliness).
Also, in words ending in silent -e (such as use
and adore), the final -e may be dropped before a suffix that
begins with a vowel (as in usable and adorable).
As with all spelling rules, there are exceptions
of course.
- Not
all suffixes can be added to all roots. For example, the adjective beautiful
is formed by adding the suffix -ful to the noun beauty,
and the noun ugliness is formed by adding the suffix -ness to
the adjective ugly. But you won't find *ugliful in your
dictionary—or in standard English. (Throughout this
website, an asterisk in front of a construction
shows that it's considered nonstandard or ungrammatical.)
- A suffix may have more than one meaning. With adjectives and adverbs, for instance, the -er suffix usually conveys the comparative meaning of "more" (as in the adjectives kinder and longer). But in some cases the -er ending can also refer to someone who performs a particular action (such as a dancer or builder) or to someone who lives in a particular place (such as a New Yorker or a Dubliner).
Don't be put off by these variations, qualifications, and
exceptions. Just think of these common suffixes as clues to the meanings
of words. As in a detective story, sometimes the clues are clear and fairly
obvious. Other times they can be puzzling or misleading. In any case, keep in
mind that the meanings of words are best determined by studying the contexts in which they are used as well as
the parts of the words themselves.
The table below defines and illustrates 26 common suffixes.
The table below defines and illustrates 26 common suffixes.
Common Suffixes in English
|
Noun Suffixes
|
||
|
Suffix
|
Meaning
|
Example
|
|
-acy
|
state or quality
|
privacy, fallacy, delicacy
|
|
-al
|
act or process of
|
refusal, recital, rebuttal
|
|
-ance, -ence
|
state or quality of
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maintenance, eminence, assurance
|
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-dom
|
place or state of being
|
freedom, kingdom, boredom
|
|
-er, -or
|
one who
|
trainer, protector, narrator
|
|
-ism
|
doctrine, belief
|
communism, narcissism, scepticism
|
|
-ist
|
one who
|
chemist, narcissist, plagiarist
|
|
-ity, -ty
|
quality of
|
inactivity, veracity, parity, serenity
|
|
-ment
|
condition of
|
argument, endorsement, punishment
|
|
-ness
|
state of being
|
heaviness, sadness, rudeness, testiness
|
|
-ship
|
position held
|
fellowship, ownership, kinship, internship
|
|
-sion, -tion
|
state of being
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Verb Suffixes
|
||
|
-ate
|
become
|
regulate, eradicate, enunciate, repudiate
|
|
-en
|
become
|
enlighten, awaken, strengthen
|
|
-ify, -fy
|
make or become
|
terrify, satisfy, rectify, exemplify
|
|
-ize, -ise*
|
become
|
civilize, humanize, socialize, valorize
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adjective Suffixes
|
||
|
-able, -ible
|
capable of being
|
edible, presentable, abominable, credible
|
|
-al
|
pertaining to
|
regional, grammatical, emotional, coastal
|
|
-esque
|
reminiscent of
|
picturesque, statuesque, burlesque
|
|
-ful
|
notable for
|
fanciful, resentful, woeful, doubtful
|
|
-ic, -ical
|
pertaining to
|
musical, mythic, domestic, chiastic
|
|
-ious, -ous
|
characterized by
|
nutritious, portentous, studious
|
|
-ish
|
having the quality of
|
fiendish, childish, snobbish
|
|
-ive
|
having the nature of
|
creative, punitive, divisive, decisive
|
|
-less
|
without
|
endless, ageless, lawless, effortless
|
|
-y
|
characterized by
|
sleazy, hasty, greasy, nerdy, smelly
|
* "Many verbs that end in -ize can also end in -ise (such as finalize/finalise or realize/realise); both endings are acceptable, although -ise is more common in British English."
(Charlotte Buxton, Oxford A-Z of Better Spelling. Oxford University Press, 2009)
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