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Richard
Nordquist is a freelance writer and former professor of English and Rhetoric
who wrote college-level Grammar and Composition textbooks.
Updated
January 15, 2019
In
linguistics, generative grammar is grammar (or set of rules) that indicates the structure and
interpretation of sentences which native speakers of a language accept as belonging to the language.
Adopting
the term generative
from mathematics, linguist Noam Chomsky introduced the concept of generative
grammar in the 1950s. This theory is also known as transformational grammar, a
term still used today.
Key
Takeaways: Generative Grammar
•
Generative grammar is a theory of grammar, first developed by Noam Chomsky in
the 1950s, that is based on the idea that all humans have an innate language
capacity.
• Linguists
who study generative grammar are not interested in prescriptive rules; rather,
they are interested in uncovering the foundational principals that guide all
language production.
• Generative
grammar accepts as a basic premise that native speakers of a language will find
certain sentences grammatical or ungrammatical, and that these judgments give
insight into the rules governing the use of that language.
Definition
Grammar refers to the set of
rules that structure a language, including syntax (the arrangement of words to form
phrases and sentences) and morphology (the study of words and how they are
formed). Generative grammar is a theory of grammar that holds that human
language is shaped by a set of basic principles that are part of the human
brain (and even present in the brains of small children). This "universal
grammar," according to linguists like Chomsky, comes from our innate
language faculty.
In
"Linguists for Non-Linguists," Frank Parker and Kathryn Riley argue
that generative grammar is a kind of "unconscious knowledge" that
allows a person, no matter what language they speak, to form correct sentences:
"Simply
put, a generative grammar is a theory of competence: a model of the
psychological system of unconscious knowledge that underlies a speaker's
ability to produce and interpret utterances in a language...A good way of
trying to understand [Noam] Chomsky's point is to think of a generative grammar
as essentially a definition
of competence: a set of criteria that linguistic structures must meet to be
judged acceptable."
Generative
grammar is distinct from other grammars such as prescriptive grammar, which
attempts to establish standardized language rules that certain usages
"right" or "wrong," and descriptive grammar, which attempts
to describe language as it is actually used (including the study of pidgins and
dialects). Instead, generative grammar attempts to get at something deeper—the
foundational principles that make language possible across all of humanity.
For
example, a prescriptive grammarian may study how parts of speech are ordered in
English sentences, with the goal of laying out rules (nouns precede verbs in
simple sentences, for example). A linguist studying generative grammar,
however, is more likely to be interested in issues such as how nouns are distinguished
from verbs across multiple languages.
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