Theory of relativity from whatis.com
Albert
Einstein's theory of relativity is actually two separate theories: his special
theory of relativity , postulated in the 1905 paper, The Electrodynamics
of Moving Bodies and his theory of general relativity , an expansion
of the earlier theory, published as The Foundation of the General Theory of
Relativity in 1916. Einstein sought to explain situations in which
Newtonian physics might fail to deal successfully with phenomena, and in so
doing proposed revolutionary changes in human concepts of time,
space and gravity.
The special
theory of relativity was based on two main postulates: first, that the speed of light is constant for all
observers; and second, that observers moving at constant speeds should be
subject to the same physical laws. Following this logic, Einstein theorized
that time must change according to the speed of a moving object relative
to the frame of reference of an observer. Scientists have tested this theory
through experimentation - proving, for example, that an atomic clock ticks more slowly when
traveling at a high speed than it does when it is not moving. The essence of
Einstein's paper was that both space and time are relative (rather than
absolute), which was said to hold true in a special case, the absence of
a gravitational field. Relativity was a stunning concept at the time;
scientists all over the world debated the veracity of Einstein's famous equation,
E=mc2, which implied that matter and energy were equivalent and, more
specifically, that a single particle of matter could be converted into a huge
quantity of energy. However, since the special theory of relativity only held
true in the absence of a gravitational field, Einstein strove for 11 more years
to work gravity into his equations and discover how relativity might work
generally as well.
According to
the theory of general relativity, matter causes space to curve. It is posited
that gravitation is not a force, as understood by Newtonian physics, but a
curved field (an area of space under the influence of a force) in the
space-time continuum that is actually created by the presence of mass.
According to Einstein, that theory could be tested by measuring the deflection
of starlight traveling near the sun; he correctly asserted that light
deflection would be twice that expected by Newton's laws. This theory also
explained why the light from stars in a strong gravitational field was closer
to the red end of the spectrum than those in a weaker one.
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